Ethereum’s scalability end-game is all about rollups—potentially thousands or even millions of rollups, each one a mini-ecosystem or an application that is built on top of Ethereum’s bedrock of security. The ideas behind how this can work were first laid out by Vitalik a few years back in his now-famous rollup-centric roadmap post. Since then, other ecosystem players like zkSync, Optimism, and Polygon have extended that vision with roadmaps for Hyperchains, the Superchain, and Polygon’s AggLayer. For the first time, there is an illuminated path that Ethereum can follow to reach a scale that supports millions of applications and billions of users.