Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin released an article proposing three methods to simplify Ethereum's proof-of-stake design.

The first solution focuses on a decentralized staking pool. This will increase the minimum deposit required to run a validating node to 4096 ETH and promote the reorganization of validating node resources.

The second method is two-tiered staking, where the heavy layer requires a stake of 4096 ETH and participates in the final determination, while the light layer has no minimum stake requirement (nor deposit and withdrawal delays). These two layers will be treated differently in the process of finalizing blocks.

The third method involves a rotating group of participants, similar to a committee mechanism, meaning a random set of validators is selected for each slot. This will distribute the workload and reduce the total number of signatures, but this method will increase protocol complexity. The advantage is that it preserves individual staking in a recognizable form, preserves the first-level system, and even allows the minimum deposit scale to be lowered to a very low level (such as 1 ETH).